WebCPC CPC COOPERATIVE PATENT CLASSIFICATION

C08K USE OF INORGANIC OR NON-MACROMOLECULAR ORGANIC SUBSTANCES AS COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS (pesticides, herbicides A01N; pharmaceuticals, cosmetics A61K; explosives C06B; paints, inks, varnishes, dyes, polishes, adhesives C09; lubricants C10M; detergents C11D; artificial filaments or fibres D01F; textile treating compositions D06)

  NOTE - 1.The use of an ingredient for a specific polymer is classified by adding, in a C-set, to the group symbol of C08K, the subdivision of C08L 1/00 to C08L 99/00.Example:

  Polystyrene containing a carboxylic amide isclassified in (C08K 5/20, C08L 25/06).2. From April 2012, the use of an ingredient for a specific polymer is classified by adding, in a C-set, to the group symbol of C08K, the subdivision of C08L 1/00 to C08L 99/00.Example: Polystyrene containing a carboxylic amide isclassified in (C08K 5/20, C08L 25/06).3. In this subclass, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, an ingredient is classified in the last appropriate place.

  In this subclass:
  - a mixture of ingredients is classified in the most indented group covering all the essential ingredients of the mixture, e.g.: C08K 3/22, C08K 5/06 and C08K 5/17}
  - ammonium salts are classified in the same way as metal salts

  In this subclass, organic acid salts, alcoholates, phenolates or mercaptides are classified in the groups or subgroups of the parent compounds

  The use of an ingredient for a specific polymer is classified by adding to the group symbol of C08K and separated therefrom by a "+" sign, the subdivision of C08L 1/00 to C08L 99/00.

  Example: Polystyrene containing a carboxylic amide is classified in C08K 5/20+L25/06

  In this subclass are considered as compounding ingredients:
inert additives
radical crosslinking agents, e.g. peroxides, S-containing vulcanisation agents
coupling agents, i.e. compounds able to improve the adhesion between filler
and macromolecule

  Are not considered as compounding ingredients:
chemical modifying or crosslinking agents which react via a condensation or
addition mechanism (for C08B polymers C08B, for diene rubbers C08C 19/30,
for other vinyl polymers C08F8/-, for polysiloxanes C08L 83/00, for other C08G
polymers C08G)
solvents or dispersion agents for making polymer solutions, emulsions or
dispersions (C08J 3/02)
blowing agents (C08J 9/04)

  WARNING - The following IPC group is not used in the internal ECLA classification system.

  Subject matter covered by this group is classified in the following ECLA groups:
   C08K 4/5445 covered by C08K 5/544

C08K 3/00 Use of inorganic ingredients

C08K 3/0008 ・{Inorganic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K 3/02 to C08K 3/40}

C08K 3/0016 ・・{Crosslinking or vulcanising agents, including accelerators}

C08K 3/0025 ・・{Additives activating the degradation of the macromolecular compound}

C08K 3/0033 ・・{Fillers, pigments, reinforcing additives}

C08K 3/0041 ・・{Stabilisers against oxidation, heat, light, ozone}

C08K 3/005 ・・{Biocides; (macromolecular substances as carriers for biocide material A01N 25/10)}

C08K 3/0058 ・・{Flame-proofing or flame-retarding additives}

C08K 3/0066 ・・{Antistatics}

C08K 3/0075 ・{Metal containing compounds according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K 3/10 to C08K 3/40}

C08K 3/0083 ・・{Compounds containing metals of the 1st to 3rd Group of the Periodic system}

C08K 3/0091 ・・{Compounds containing metals of the 4th to 8th Group of the Periodic system, e.g. nickel compounds}

C08K 3/02 ・Elements

C08K 3/04 ・・Carbon

C08K 3/06 ・・Sulfur

C08K 3/08 ・・Metals

C08K 3/10 ・Metal compounds

C08K 3/12 ・・Hydrides

C08K 3/14 ・・Carbides

C08K 3/16 ・Halogen-containing compounds

C08K 3/18 ・Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls

C08K 3/20 ・・Oxides; Hydroxides

C08K 3/22 ・・・of metals

C08K 3/2279 ・・・・{of antimony}

C08K 3/24 ・・Acids; Salts thereof {(C08K 3/16 takes precedence)}

C08K 3/26 ・・・Carbonates; Bicarbonates

C08K 3/28 ・Nitrogen-containing compounds

C08K 3/30 ・Sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compounds

C08K 3/32 ・Phosphorus-containing compounds

C08K 3/34 ・Silicon-containing compounds

C08K 3/346 ・・{Clay}

C08K 3/36 ・・Silica

C08K 3/38 ・Boron-containing compounds

C08K 3/40 ・Glass

C08K 5/00 Use of organic ingredients

C08K 5/0008 ・{Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K 5/01 to C08K 5/59}

C08K 5/0016 ・・{Plasticisers}

C08K 5/0025 ・・{Crosslinking or vulcanising agents; including accelerators}

C08K 5/0033 ・・{Additives activating the degradation of the macromolecular compound}

C08K 5/0041 ・・{Optical brightening agents, organic pigments}

C08K 5/005 ・・{Stabilisers against oxidation, heat, light, ozone}

C08K 5/0058 ・・{Biocides; (macromolecular substances as carriers for biocide material A01N 25/10)}

C08K 5/0066 ・・{Flame-proofing or flame-retarding additives}

C08K 5/0075 ・・{Antistatics}

C08K 5/0083 ・・{Nucleating agents promoting the crystallisation of the polymer matrix}

C08K 5/0091 ・{Complexes with metal-heteroatom-bonds}

C08K 5/01 ・Hydrocarbons {(C08K 5/0091 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/02 ・Halogenated hydrocarbons {(C08K 5/0091 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/03 ・・aromatic, {e.g. C6H5-CH2-Cl}

C08K 5/04 ・Oxygen-containing compounds {(C08K 5/0091 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/05 ・・Alcohols; Metal alcoholates

C08K 5/053 ・・・Polyhydroxylic alcohols

C08K 5/057 ・・・Metal alcoholates {(metal enolates C08K 5/0091)}

C08K 5/06 ・・Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Ortho-esters

C08K 5/07 ・・Aldehydes; Ketones

C08K 5/08 ・・・Quinones

C08K 5/09 ・・Carboxylic acids; Metal salts thereof; Anhydrides thereof

C08K 5/092 ・・・Polycarboxylic acids

C08K 5/095 ・・・Carboxylic acids containing halogens

C08K 5/098 ・・・Metal salts of carboxylic acids

C08K 5/10 ・・Esters; Ether-esters

C08K 5/101 ・・・of monocarboxylic acids

C08K 5/103 ・・・・with polyalcohols

C08K 5/105 ・・・・with phenols

C08K 5/107 ・・・・・with polyphenols

C08K 5/109 ・・・of carbonic acid, {e.g. R-O-C(=O)-O-R}

C08K 5/11 ・・・of acyclic polycarboxylic acids

C08K 5/12 ・・・of cyclic polycarboxylic acids

C08K 5/13 ・・Phenols; Phenolates

C08K 5/132 ・・・Phenols containing keto groups, {e.g. benzophenones}

C08K 5/134 ・・・Phenols containing ester groups

C08K 5/1345 ・・・・{Carboxylic esters of phenolcarboxylic acids}

C08K 5/136 ・・・Phenols containing halogens

C08K 5/138 ・・・Phenolates

C08K 5/14 ・・Peroxides

C08K 5/15 ・・Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen in the ring

C08K 5/151 ・・・having one oxygen atom in the ring

C08K 5/1515 ・・・・Three-membered rings

C08K 5/1525 ・・・・Four-membered rings

C08K 5/1535 ・・・・Five-membered rings

C08K 5/1539 ・・・・・Cyclic anhydrides

C08K 5/1545 ・・・・Six-membered rings

C08K 5/156 ・・・having two oxygen atoms in the ring

C08K 5/1565 ・・・・Five-membered rings

C08K 5/1575 ・・・・Six-membered rings

C08K 5/159 ・・・having more than two oxygen atoms in the ring

C08K 5/16 ・Nitrogen-containing compounds {(C08K 5/0091 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/17 ・・Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds

C08K 5/175 ・・・{containing COOH-groups; Esters or salts thereof}

C08K 5/18 ・・・with aromatically bound amino groups

C08K 5/19 ・・・Quaternary ammonium compounds

C08K 5/20 ・・Carboxylic acid amides

C08K 5/205 ・・Compounds containing groups, e.g. carbamates

C08K 5/21 ・・Urea; Derivatives thereof, e.g. biuret

C08K 5/22 ・・Compounds containing nitrogen bound to another nitrogen atom

C08K 5/23 ・・・Azo-compounds

C08K 5/235 ・・・・{Diazo and polyazo compounds}

C08K 5/24 ・・・Derivatives of hydrazine

C08K 5/25 ・・・・Carboxylic acid hydrazides

C08K 5/26 ・・・・Semicarbazides

C08K 5/27 ・・・Compounds containing a nitrogen atom bound to two other nitrogen atoms, e.g. diazoamino-compounds

C08K 5/28 ・・・・Azides

C08K 5/29 ・・Compounds containing {one or more} carbon-to-nitrogen double bonds

C08K 5/30 ・・・Hydrazones; Semicarbazones

C08K 5/31 ・・・Guanidine; Derivatives thereof

C08K 5/315 ・・Compounds containing carbon-to-nitrogen triple bonds

C08K 5/3155 ・・・{Dicyandiamide}

C08K 5/32 ・・Compounds containing nitrogen bound to oxygen

C08K 5/33 ・・・Oximes

C08K 5/34 ・・Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen in the ring

C08K 5/3412 ・・・having one nitrogen atom in the ring

C08K 5/3415 ・・・・Five-membered rings

C08K 5/3417 ・・・・・condensed with carbocyclic rings

C08K 5/3432 ・・・・Six-membered rings

C08K 5/3435 ・・・・・Piperidines

C08K 5/3437 ・・・・・condensed with carbocyclic rings

C08K 5/3442 ・・・having two nitrogen atoms in the ring

C08K 5/3445 ・・・・Five-membered rings

C08K 5/3447 ・・・・・condensed with carbocyclic rings

C08K 5/3462 ・・・・Six-membered rings

C08K 5/3465 ・・・・・condensed with carbocyclic rings

C08K 5/3467 ・・・having more than two nitrogen atoms in the ring

C08K 5/3472 ・・・・Five-membered rings

C08K 5/3475 ・・・・・condensed with carbocyclic rings

C08K 5/3477 ・・・・Six-membered rings

C08K 5/3492 ・・・・・Triazines

C08K 5/34922 ・・・・・・{Melamine; Derivatives thereof}

C08K 5/34924 ・・・・・・{containing cyanurate groups; Tautomers thereof}

C08K 5/34926 ・・・・・・{also containing heterocyclic groups other than triazine groups}

C08K 5/34928 ・・・・・・{Salts}

C08K 5/3495 ・・・・・condensed with carbocyclic rings

C08K 5/35 ・・・having also oxygen in the ring

C08K 5/353 ・・・・Five-membered rings

C08K 5/357 ・・・・Six-membered rings

C08K 5/36 ・Sulfur-, selenium-, or tellurium-containing compounds {(C08K 5/0091 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/37 ・・Thiols

C08K 5/372 ・・・Sulfides, {e.g. R-(S)x-R`}

C08K 5/3725 ・・・・{containing nitrogen}

C08K 5/375 ・・・containing six-membered aromatic rings {(C08K 5/3725 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/378 ・・・containing heterocyclic rings

C08K 5/38 ・・Thiocarbonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. xanthates; {i.e. compounds containing -X-C(=X)- groups, X being oxygen or sulfur, at least one X being sulfur}

C08K 5/39 ・・Thiocarbamic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. dithiocarbamates

C08K 5/40 ・・・Thiurams, {i.e. compounds containing groups}

C08K 5/405 ・・・Thioureas; Derivatives thereof

C08K 5/41 ・・Compounds containing sulfur bound to oxygen

C08K 5/42 ・・・Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof

C08K 5/43 ・・Compounds containing sulfur bound to nitrogen

C08K 5/435 ・・・Sulfonamides

C08K 5/44 ・・・Sulfenamides

C08K 5/45 ・・Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur in the ring

C08K 5/46 ・・・with oxygen or nitrogen in the ring

C08K 5/47 ・・・・Thiazoles

C08K 5/48 ・・Selenium- or tellurium-containing compounds

C08K 5/49 ・Phosphorus-containing compounds {(C08K 5/0091 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/50 ・・Phosphorus bound to carbon only

C08K 5/51 ・・Phosphorus bound to oxygen

C08K 5/52 ・・・Phosphorus bound to oxygen only

C08K 5/5205 ・・・・{Salts of P-acids with N-bases}

C08K 5/521 ・・・・Esters of phosphoric acids, e.g. of H3PO4

C08K 5/523 ・・・・・with hydroxyaryl compounds

C08K 5/524 ・・・・Esters of phosphorous acids, e.g. of H3PO3

C08K 5/526 ・・・・・with hydroxyaryl compounds

C08K 5/527 ・・・・Cyclic esters

C08K 5/529 ・・・・Esters containing heterocyclic rings not representing cyclic esters of phosphoric or phosphorous acids

C08K 5/53 ・・・bound to oxygen and to carbon only

C08K 5/5313 ・・・・Phosphinic compounds, e.g. R2=P(:0)OR`

C08K 5/5317 ・・・・Phosphonic compounds, e.g. R-P(:0)(OR`)2

C08K 5/5333 ・・・・・Esters of phosphonic acids

C08K 5/5337 ・・・・・・containing also halogens

C08K 5/5353 ・・・・・・containing also nitrogen

C08K 5/5357 ・・・・・・cyclic

C08K 5/5373 ・・・・・・containing heterocyclic rings not representing cyclic esters of phosphonic acids

C08K 5/5377 ・・・・Phosphinous compounds, e.g. R2=P-OR`

C08K 5/5393 ・・・・Phosphonous compounds, e.g. R-P(OR`)2

C08K 5/5397 ・・・・Phosphine oxides

C08K 5/5398 ・・Phosphorus bound to sulfur

C08K 5/5399 ・・Phosphorus bound to nitrogen

C08K 5/54 ・Silicon-containing compounds {(C08K 5/0091 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/5403 ・・{containing no other elements than carbon or hydrogen}

C08K 5/5406 ・・{containing elements other than oxygen or nitrogen}

C08K 5/541 ・・containing oxygen

C08K 5/5415 ・・・containing at least one Si-O bond

C08K 5/5419 ・・・・containing at least one Si-C bond

C08K 5/5425 ・・・containing at least one C=C bond

C08K 5/5435 ・・・containing oxygen in a ring

C08K 5/544 ・・containing nitrogen

C08K 5/5442 ・・・{containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring}

C08K 5/5455 ・・・containing at least one group {(C08K 5/5442 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/5465 ・・・containing at least one C=N bond {(C08K 5/5442 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/5475 ・・・containing at least one C-N {triple} bond {(C08K 5/5442 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/548 ・・containing sulfur {(C08K 5/5442 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/549 ・・containing silicon in a ring

C08K 5/55 ・Boron-containing compounds {(C08K 5/0091 takes precedence)}

C08K 5/56 ・Organo-metallic compounds, i.e. organic compounds containing a metal-to-carbon bond

C08K 5/57 ・・Organo-tin compounds

C08K 5/58 ・・・containing sulfur

C08K 5/59 ・Arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds

C08K 7/00 Use of ingredients characterised by shape

C08K 7/02 ・Fibres or whiskers

C08K 7/04 ・・Inorganic

C08K 7/06 ・・・Elements

C08K 7/08 ・・・Oxygen-containing compounds

C08K 7/10 ・・・Silicon-containing compounds

C08K 7/12 ・・・・Asbestos

C08K 7/14 ・・・Glass

C08K 7/16 ・Solid spheres

C08K 7/18 ・・Inorganic

C08K 7/20 ・・・Glass

C08K 7/22 ・Expanded, porous or hollow particles

C08K 7/24 ・・Inorganic

C08K 7/26 ・・・Silicon- containing compounds

C08K 7/28 ・・・Glass

C08K 9/00 Use of pretreated ingredients

C08K 9/02 ・Ingredients treated with inorganic substances

C08K 9/04 ・Ingredients treated with organic substances {treated with macromolecular compounds C08K 9/08}

C08K 9/06 ・・with silicon-containing compounds

C08K 9/08 ・Ingredients agglomerated by treatment with a binding agent

C08K 9/10 ・Encapsulated ingredients

C08K 9/12 ・Adsorbed ingredients {, e.g. ingredients on carriers}

C08K 11/00 Use of ingredients of unknown constitution, e.g. undefined reaction products

C08K 11/005 ・{Waste materials, e.g. treated or untreated sewage sludge}

C08K 13/00 Use of mixtures of ingredients not covered by one single of the preceding main groups, each of these compounds being essential

C08K 13/02 ・Organic and inorganic ingredients

C08K 13/04 ・Ingredients characterised by their shape and organic or inorganic ingredients

C08K 13/06 ・Pretreated ingredients and ingredients covered by the main groups C08K 3/00 to C08K 7/00

C08K 13/08 ・Ingredients of unknown constitution and ingredients covered by the main groups C08K 3/00 to C08K 9/00

C08K 2003/00 Use of inorganic ingredients

C08K 2003/02 ・Elements

C08K 2003/023 ・・{Silicon}

C08K 2003/026 ・・{Phosphorus}

C08K 2003/04 ・・Carbon

C08K 2003/045 ・・・{Fullerenes}

C08K 2003/08 ・・Metals

C08K 2003/0806 ・・・{Silver}

C08K 2003/0812 ・・・{Aluminium}

C08K 2003/0818 ・・・{Alkali metal}

C08K 2003/0825 ・・・・[ N: Potassium]

C08K 2003/0831 ・・・{Gold}

C08K 2003/0837 ・・・{Bismuth}

C08K 2003/0843 ・・・{Cobalt}

C08K 2003/085 ・・・{Copper}

C08K 2003/0856 ・・・{Iron}

C08K 2003/0862 ・・・{Nickel}

C08K 2003/0868 ・・・{Osmium}

C08K 2003/0875 ・・・{Antimony}

C08K 2003/0881 ・・・{Titanium}

C08K 2003/0887 ・・・{Tungsten}

C08K 2003/0893 ・・・{Zinc}

C08K 2003/16 ・Halogen-containing compounds

C08K 2003/162 ・・{Calcium, strontium or barium halides, e.g. calcium, strontium or barium chloride }

C08K 2003/164 ・・{Aluminum halide, e.g. aluminium chloride}

C08K 2003/166 ・・{Magnesium halide, e.g. magnesium chloride}

C08K 2003/168 ・・{Zinc halides}

C08K 2003/18 ・Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls

C08K 2003/20 ・・Oxides; Hydroxides

C08K 2003/22 ・・・of metals

C08K 2003/2203 ・・・・{of lithium}

C08K 2003/2206 ・・・・{of calcium, strontium or barium}

C08K 2003/221 ・・・・{of rare earth metal }

C08K 2003/2213 ・・・・・{of cerium}

C08K 2003/2217 ・・・・{of magnesium}

C08K 2003/222 ・・・・・{Magnesia, i.e. magnesium oxide}

C08K 2003/2224 ・・・・・{Magnesium hydroxide}

C08K 2003/2227 ・・・・{of aluminium}

C08K 2003/2231 ・・・・{of tin}

C08K 2003/2234 ・・・・{of lead}

C08K 2003/2237 ・・・・{of titanium}

C08K 2003/2241 ・・・・・{Titanium dioxide}

C08K 2003/2244 ・・・・・{of zirconium}

C08K 2003/2248 ・・・・{of copper}

C08K 2003/2251 ・・・・{of chromium}

C08K 2003/2255 ・・・・{of molybdenum}

C08K 2003/2258 ・・・・{of tungsten}

C08K 2003/2262 ・・・・{of manganese}

C08K 2003/2265 ・・・・{of iron}

C08K 2003/2268 ・・・・・{Ferrous oxide (FeO)}

C08K 2003/2272 ・・・・・{Ferric oxide (Fe2O3)}

C08K 2003/2275 ・・・・・{Ferroso-ferric oxide (Fe3O4)}

C08K 2003/2279 ・・・・{of antimony}

C08K 2003/2282 ・・・・・{Antimonates}

C08K 2003/2286 ・・・・{of silver}

C08K 2003/2289 ・・・・{of cobalt}

C08K 2003/2293 ・・・・{of nickel }

C08K 2003/2296 ・・・・{of zinc}

C08K 2003/24 ・・Acids; Salts thereof {(C08K 3/16 takes precedence)}

C08K 2003/26 ・・・Carbonates; Bicarbonates

C08K 2003/262 ・・・・{Alkali metal carbonates}

C08K 2003/265 ・・・・{Calcium, strontium or barium carbonate}

C08K 2003/267 ・・・・{Magnesium carbonate}

C08K 2003/28 ・Nitrogen-containing compounds

C08K 2003/282 ・・{Binary compounds of nitrogen with aluminium}

C08K 2003/285 ・・{Ammonium nitrates}

C08K 2003/287 ・・{Calcium, strontium or barium nitrates}

C08K 2003/30 ・Sulfur-, selenium- or tellurium-containing compounds

C08K 2003/3009 ・・{Sulfides}

C08K 2003/3018 ・・・{of magnesium, calcium, strontium or barium}

C08K 2003/3027 ・・・{of cadmium}

C08K 2003/3036 ・・・{of zinc }

C08K 2003/3045 ・・{Sulfates}

C08K 2003/3054 ・・・{Ammonium sulfates}

C08K 2003/3063 ・・・{Magnesium sulfate}

C08K 2003/3072 ・・・{Iron sulfates}

C08K 2003/3081 ・・・{Aluminum sulfate}

C08K 2003/309 ・・{Sulfur containing acids}

C08K 2003/32 ・Phosphorus-containing compounds

C08K 2003/321 ・・{Phosphates}

C08K 2003/322 ・・・{Ammonium phosphate}

C08K 2003/323 ・・・・{Ammonium polyphosphate}

C08K 2003/324 ・・・{Alkali metal phosphate}

C08K 2003/325 ・・・{Calcium, strontium or barium phosphate}

C08K 2003/326 ・・・{Magnesium phosphate}

C08K 2003/327 ・・・{Aluminium phosphate}

C08K 2003/328 ・・・{Phosphates of heavy metals}

C08K 2003/329 ・・{Phosphorus containing acids}

C08K 2003/34 ・Silicon-containing compounds

C08K 2003/343 ・・{Peroxyhydrates, peroxyacids or salts thereof}

C08K 2003/38 ・Boron-containing compounds

C08K 2003/382 ・・{and nitrogen}

C08K 2003/385 ・・・{Binary compounds of nitrogen with boron}

C08K 2003/387 ・・{Borates}

C08K 2201/00 Specific properties of additives

C08K 2201/001 ・Conductive additives

C08K 2201/002 ・Physical properties

C08K 2201/003 ・・Additives being defined by their diameter

C08K 2201/004 ・・Additives being defined by their length

C08K 2201/005 ・・Additives being defined by their particle size in general

C08K 2201/006 ・・Additives being defined by their surface area

C08K 2201/007 ・Fragrance additive

C08K 2201/008 ・Additives improving gas barrier properties

C08K 2201/009 ・Additives being defined by their hardness

C08K 2201/01 ・Magnetic additives

C08K 2201/011 ・Nanostructured additives

C08K 2201/012 ・Additives improving oxygen scavenging properties

C08K 2201/013 ・Additives applied to the surface of polymers or polymer particles

C08K 2201/014 ・Additives containing two or more different additives of the same subgroup in C08K

C08K 2201/015 ・Additives for heat shrinkable compositions

C08K 2201/016 ・Additives defined by their aspect ratio

C08K 2201/017 ・Additives being an antistatic agent

C08K 2201/018 ・Additives for biodegradable polymeric composition

C08K 2201/019 ・the composition being defined by the absence of a certain additive

--- Edited by Muguruma Professional Engineer Office(C), 2013 ---